The word "
because"
has this cause-effect meaning to it, which has no intrinsic meaning in logic (you could define one, but if two people went into different rooms to define "
X causes Y"
they'd almost certainly come back with different definitions). So if we're trying to be logical, I'd interpret "
X is Y because it is Z"
as "
X is a Z, the set of Z's is a subset of the set of Y's, therefore X is a Y."
In that case, you can re-formulate this stuff according to basic set-theory/first-order logic, i.e., are all God-loved things loved by the Gods? Yes? Then piety is loved by the Gods because it is God-loved. Are all things loved by the Gods God-loved? Etc.
By the way, being a topologist, I thought I'd mention that a circle only has an inside and an outside when thought of as embedded in a 2-dimensional space. Put a circle into 3-dimensional (or higher) space and it doesn't divide it up any more. View it as a space on its own with no ambient space and it doesn't have an inside or an outside (and I suppose could be considered a 1-sided figure then). Of course, to a topologist, a square and a triangle are both circles
____________________________
Yes, I very rarely post. But I DO keep coming back to check the forum.